Pompeii - Archaeology of the Famous Roman Tragedy

Pompeii - Archaeology of the Famous Roman Tragedy Pompeii is arguably the most famous archaeological site in the world. There has never been a site as well preserved, as evocative, or as memorable as that of Pompeii, the luxurious resort for the Roman Empire, which was buried along with its sister cities of Stabiae and Herculaneum under the ash and lava erupted from Mount Vesuvius during the fall of 79 AD. Pompeii is located in the area of Italy known, then as now, as Campania. The vicinity of Pompeii was first occupied during the Middle Neolithic, and by the 6th century BC, it came under the rule of the Etruscans. The citys origins and the original name are unknown, nor are we clear on the sequence of settlers there, but it seems clear that Etruscans, Greeks, Oscans, and Samnites competed to occupy the land prior to the Roman conquest. The Roman occupation began in the 4th century BC, and the town reached its heyday when the Romans turned it into a seaside resort, beginning 81 BC. Pompeii as a Thriving Community At the time of its destruction, Pompeii was a thriving commercial port at the mouth of the Sarno River in southwestern Italy, on the southern flank of Mount Vesuvius. Pompeiis known buildingsand there are many that were preserved under the mud and ashfallinclude a Roman basilica, built ca 130-120 BC, and an amphitheater built circa 80 BC. The forum contained several temples; the streets included hotels, food vendors and other eating places, a purpose-built lupanar, and other brothels, and gardens within the city walls. But probably of most fascination  to us today are the look into private homes, and the eerie negative images of human bodies caught in the eruption: the utter humanness of the tragedy seen at Pompeii. Dating the Eruption and an Eyewitness Romans watched the spectacular eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, many from a safe distance, but one early naturalist named Pliny (the Elder) watched while he helped evacuate refugees on the Roman warships under his charge. Pliny was killed during the eruption, but his nephew (called  Pliny the Younger), watching the eruption from Misenum about 30 kilometers (18 miles) away, survived and wrote about the events in letters that form the basis of our eye-witness knowledge about it. The traditional date of the eruption is August 24th, supposed to have been the date reported in Pliny the Youngers letters, but as early as 1797, the archaeologist Carlo Maria Rosini questioned the date on the basis of the remains of fall fruits he found preserved at the site, such as chestnuts, pomegranates, figs, raisins, and pine cones. A recent study of the distribution of the wind-blown ash at Pompeii (Rolandi and colleagues) also supports a fall date: the patterns shows that prevailing winds blew from a direction most prevalent in the fall. Further, a silver coin found with a victim in Pompeii was struck after September 8th, AD 79. If only Plinys manuscript had survived! Unfortunately, we only have copies. Its possible that a scribal error crept in regarding the date: compiling all the data together, Rolandi and colleagues (2008) propose a date of October 24th for the eruption of the volcano. Archaeology The excavations at Pompeii are an important watershed in the history of archaeology, as it was among the earliest of archaeological excavations, tunneled into by the  Bourbon rulers of Naples and Palermo beginning in the fall of 1738. The Bourbons undertook full-scale excavations in 1748much to the belated distress of modern archaeologists who would have preferred they wait until better techniques were available. Of the many archaeologists associated with Pompeii and Herculaneum are pioneers of the field Karl Weber, Johann-Joachim Winckelmann, and Guiseppe Fiorelli; a team was sent to Pompeii by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, who had a  fascination with archaeology and was responsible for the  Rosetta stone  ending up in the British Museum.   Modern research at the site and others affected by the 79 Vesuvian eruption was conducted by the Anglo-American Project in Pompeii, led by Rick Jones at the University of Bradford, with colleagues at Stanford and the University of Oxford. Several field schools were conducted at Pompeii between 1995 and 2006, mostly targeting the section known as Regio VI. Many more sections of the city remain unexcavated, left for future scholars with improved techniques. Pottery at Pompeii Pottery was always an important element of Roman society and it has figured in many of the modern studies of Pompeii. According to recent research (Peà ±a and McCallum 2009), thin-walled pottery tableware and lamps were manufactured elsewhere and brought into the city to sell. Amphorae were used to pack goods such as garum and wine and they too were brought in to Pompeii. That makes Pompeii somewhat anomalous among Roman cities, in that the largest portion of their pottery was produced outside its city walls. A ceramics works called the Via Lepanto was located just outside the walls on the Nuceria-Pompeii road. Grifa and colleagues (2013) report that the workshop was rebuilt after the AD 79 eruption, and continued to produce red-painted and burnished tablewares up until the Vesuvius eruption of 472. The red-slipped tableware called terra sigillata was found in numerous locations in and around Pompeii and using petrographic and elemental trace analysis of 1,089 sherds, McKenzie-Clark (2011) concluded that all but 23 were manufactured in Italy, accounting for 97% of the total investigated. Scarpelli et al. (2014) found that black slips on Vesuvian pottery were made of ferrous materials, consisting of one or more of magnetite, hercynite and/or hematite. Since the closure of the excavations at Pompeii in 2006, researchers have been busy publishing their results. Here are a few of the most recent ones, but there are many others: In Benefiels (2010) study of graffiti on the walls of the House of Maius Castricius is documented several pieces of incised romantic graffiti in different areas of the house. A conversation of 11 graffiti inscribed in a stairwell appears to be a literary and romantic conversation between two individuals. Most of the lines are original romantic poetry or plays on known texts, arranged vertically in two columns. Benefiel says the Latin lines hint at a kind of one-up-man-ship between two or more people.Piovesan and colleagues studied paints and pigments at Pompeiis Temple of Venus, identifying a range of mural colors made from the natural earth, minerals, and a few rare artificial pigmentsblack, yellow, red and brown ochre, cinnabar, Egyptian blue, green earth (mostly celadonite or glauconite) and white calcite.Cova (2015) reports on the alaearchitectural wingsin many houses in the section of Pompeii known as Regio VI, and how the size and shape of the alae may reflect socioeconomic cha nges in the Late Republic/Early Empire period. Miiello et al (2010) investigated construction phases in Regio VI by the variations of mortar. Astrid Lundgren at the University of Oslo published her dissertation on Pompeii in 2014, focusing on male sexuality and prostitution; Severy-Hoven is another scholar investigating the incredible wealth of erotica discovered at Pompeii.Murphy et al. (2013) looked at middens (garbage dumps) and was able to identify evidence that the waste is primarily kitchen food preparation of olives, grapes, figs, cereals, and pulses. However, they found little evidence for crop-processing, suggesting that the food was processed outside of the city before being brought to market. Sources This article is part of the About.com Dictionary of Archaeology: Ball LF, and Dobbins JJ. 2013. Pompeii Forum Project: Current Thinking on the Pompeii Forum. American Journal of Archaeology 117(3):461-492.Benefiel RR. 2010. Dialogues of Ancient Graffiti in the House of Maius Castricius in Pompeii. American Journal of Archaeology 114(1):59-101.Cova E. 2015. Stasis and Change in Roman Domestic Space: The Alae of Pompeiis Regio VI. American Journal of Archaeology 119(1):69-102.Grifa C, De Bonis A, Langella A, Mercurio M, Soricelli G, and Morra V. 2013. A Late Roman ceramic production from Pompeii. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(2):810-826.Lundgren AK. 2014. The Pastime of Venus: An archaeological investigation of male sexuality and protitution in Pompeii. Oslo, Norway: University of Oslo.McKenzie-Clark J. 2012. The supply of Campanian-made sigillata to the city of Pompeii. Archaeometry 54(5):796-820.Miriello D, Barca D, Bloise A, Ciarallo A, Crisci GM, De Rose T, Gattuso C, Gazineo F, and La Russa MF. 2010. Characterisation of archaeological mo rtars from Pompeii (Campania, Italy) and identification of construction phases by compositional data analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(9):2207-2223. Murphy C, Thompson G, and Fuller D. 2013. Roman food refuse: urban archaeobotany in Pompeii, Regio VI, Insula 1. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 22(5):409-419.Peà ±a JT, and McCallum M. 2009. The Production and Distribution of Pottery at Pompeii: A Review of the Evidence; Part 2, The Material Basis for Production and Distribution. American Journal of Archaeology 113(2):165-201.Piovesan R, Siddall R, Mazzoli C, and Nodari L. 2011. The Temple of Venus (Pompeii): a study of the pigments and painting techniques. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(10):2633-2643.Rolandi G, Paone A, Di Lascio M, and Stefani G. 2008. The 79 AD eruption of Somma: The relationship between the date of the eruption and the southeast tephra dispersion. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 169(1–2):87-98.Scarpelli R, Clark RJH, and De Francesco AM. 2014. Archaeometric study of black-coated pottery from Pompeii by different analytical techniques. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Bi omolecular Spectroscopy 120(0):60-66. Senatore MR, Ciarallo A, and Stanley J-D. 2014. Pompeii Damaged by Volcaniclastic Debris Flows Triggered Centuries Prior to the 79 A.D. Vesuvius Eruption. Geoarchaeology 29(1):1-15.Severy-Hoven B. 2012. Master Narratives and the Wall Painting of the House of the Vettii, Pompeii. Gender History 24(3):540-580.Sheldon N. 2014. Dating the 79AD Eruption of Vesuvius: Is 24th August Really the Date? Decoded Past: Accessed 30 July 2016.

Public Relation specialist at Al Watania Company.Student Omar's Final Assignment

Public Relation specialist at Al Watania Company.Student Omar's Final Report - Assignment Example The Co-op report is the work of the reflective thinking and also contains the subject matter that we had learnt throughout the course in the University. The six learning framework of the study is being summarized in this report in order to concisely understand and evaluate the learning of the subject that is being studied all these years. The entire course of the cooperative education focuses on the demonstration of competency in the Bush Learning Goal. Below are the six Learning Goals of this Co-op report: Learning Goal 1: Be self-directed, reflective learners Learning Goal 2: Be knowledgeable in their major field of study Learning Goal 3: Be critical inquirers and problem solvers Learning Goal 4: Be able to think and act ethically Learning Goal 5: Be able to work collaboratively Learning Goal 6: Be effective communicators Section 1 In this section the description is mainly focused on the Learning Goals 2, 3.1, 3.2, 4 and 5. The below summarization provide more insight towards the a bove mentioned Learning Goals. Learning Goal 2: Be knowledgeable in their major field of study The name of this Learning Goal suggests to be knowledgeable in the major field of study. ... Making arrangement for the meetings is a part of my coordination of the delegation visit, which was meant for the development of the poultry feeding system in Al-Watania Company. Participation in the 32nd International Agriculture, Water and Argo Industry Exhibition was a part of this Learning Goal. Preparing and setting up of the exhibition section for Al-Watania was the part of this project. Daily decision making was a part of my both the projects. The followed citing example can be a good support to my statement. In case of the delegation visit project it was necessary to closely work with the Department of Support in order make arrangement for the daily transportation Riyadh to Algassim and vice versa. The four functions of management have been considered here, which are planning, organizing, leading and controlling to make appropriate decisions (John, David, Retha, Eng, Bobbie & Wee, 2008). Other theories like internal customer theories of the Marketing discipline is also helpfu l in taking decisions and understand the conflicts between various organizational functions (Mohrw-Jackson, 1991; Jones & Butler, 1992). These theories have been used by me to form solutions through negotiation and specific skill development. Though there have been many theories like strategic management, supply chain management and other low level internal managerial issues like occupational and workplace stress management, in my opinion the role of a Public Relation Specialist at Al-Watania needs more skills and knowledge that are beyond the set rules of my pure management theories. The customer relationship and supply chain management skills have helped me in understanding the role in Al-Watania. This along

Essay on Contemporary Comparison Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

On Contemporary Comparison - Essay Example The onset of Islam as a religion led to many getting and understanding its vision of establishing itself as a formidable spiritual ground alongside other religions. This began with the creation of Islamic based civilization in the Middle East, the Persian states and later in the Turkish states. The 13th century saw the joining of Africa and Asia as major forces of Islamic traditions. Unlike many other religions, Islam came up and provided a neutral ground for its followers. It did not discriminate in terms of race or color. This led to the creation of a strong, unshakable and one minded group of followers. It also gave all its believers the chance to further their knowledge in any field whatsoever just as long as this knowledge did not in any way interfere with the spiritual standpoint of Islam. It also allowed for those not incorporated into the Islamic religion to participate in any intellectual exercise so long as it benefited the whole community. Those who embraced Islam had a ch ance to further their civilization after the rise of Islam. Such groups such as the Persians who were advanced in their ways of living and trade advanced further after they embraced Islam. After the death of its founder Prophet Mohammed, Abu Bakr became the first caliph. He was the leader of Islamic religion for two years then Umar took over. Umar enabled Islamic religion to capture more grounds and get more followers in the east as well as the west therefore bringing the Persian region, Egypt and Syria under its fold. He advocated for the other religions as well. This was evident when he led the march of Muslim followers into Jerusalem to demand the security of Christian strongholds. He also saw the creation of a financial set up to cater of Muslims finances. Afterwards Uthman took over leadership and is highly credited to have made copies of the Holy Quran and distributed them across the world where Muslims were. During the Umayyad caliphate the capital of Islam was in Damascus bu t this was moved to Baghdad by the Abbasids. This saw the transformation of Baghdad into a strong political stronghold of the entire world. The Abbasids were in a leadership position for a little over 500 years whereby afterwards they began loosing the sense of authority they wielded thus remaining with only symbolic influence. The sultans wielded the military authority. During the reign of Abbasids several empires came into existence for instance the Fatimid’s and the Mamluks who had vast authority in Egypt and the Palestine. This reign saw the many crusades that the Pope advocated for and that got vast support from leaders in Europe. The Pope’s greatest motivation for such crusades was majorly to reclaim the holy land of Jerusalem that had transformed from a Christianity stronghold to an Islamic stronghold. This was possible in the beginning and some parts that had shifted to Islam were transformed to Christianity such as some regions in Syria, although this did not last under the reign of the decorated Muslim ruler Saladin who reclaimed these regions and saw to the downfall of the crusaders. During the time when the Abbasids came to power, one prince who belonged to the former leadership of Umayyad made a get away and went to Spain where he established Umayyad leadership. This became the onset of Islam in Spain for the next two centuries until the downfall of t

Negative Effects of Technology Essay Example for Free

Negative Effects of Technology Essay The advantages of technology are undeniable, electronic devices make our life much easier as we can save time and money when using them: cars, microwaves, mobile phones†¦ In contrast, there are a lot of disadvantages that we don’t take into account. The recession is not the only cause of unemployment: technology has enabled multinational companies to replace their workers with machines. This business process has created job redundancies and downsizing. In addition, local agencies and music stores have been forced to shut down since items are available online. Technology may have made communication quicker, easier and more convenient but it has also brought along privacy issues. People are now worried about their once private information becoming public knowledge. In order to feel secure at the work place is necessary to be in constant learning mode, as technology keeps on changing every day. There is always a new discovery or development that may be useful to make our job safer. Also, the more technology that we create the more technology that we dispose of. This problem is exponentially growing. Practically everyone has a cell phone which has a life span of about 3 or 4 years, when we replace them they are usually thrown into a big pile and released harmful agents into the environment. Related to cell phones, I have found 3 key points that explain how do they affect on humans health: 1. First of all, studies have not shown a consistent link between cell phone use and cancers of the brain, nerves, or other tissues of the head or neck. More research is needed because cell phone technology and how people use cell phones have been changing rapidly. 2. Nevertheless, you need to know that cell phones emit radiofrequency energy, a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, which can be absorbed by tissues closest to where the phone is held. 3. The amount of radiofrequency energy we are exposed to depends on the technology of the phone, the distance between the phone’s antenna and the user, the extent and type of use, and the userâ €™s distance from cell phone towers. Technology has also affected society in general. Even the fact that we can now communicate at any time anywhere may sound like a good thing, the fact remains that people do not interact personally with one another as often as they used to. This has affected the interaction between people as it has created a barrier in personable, face-to-face communication. As a result, there are certain habits that are losing relevance among people such as going out to play a basketball match or meeting a friend at a coffee shop. This is happening because people don’t feel the need to step outside of their home to find entertainment and fun. Technology is a privilege to have but interaction with other people is crucial, and being responsible for ones actions and not letting technology rule our lives is very important too. I am not saying that all technology is bad or evil, but we do need to be careful that we dont become slaves to our own creations. http://www.articleonlinedirectory.com/128143/the-negative-effects-of-advancing-technology-on-society.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-impact-of-technology.html http://www.articlesbase.com/science-articles/negative-effects-of-modern-day-technology-1106666.html Bibliography:  · Anon, 2009. Negative effects of modern day technology. Available at: http://www.articlesbase.com/science-articles/negative-effects-of-modern-day-technology-1106666.html [Accessed December 13, 2012].  · Aydan Corkern, 2009. The Negative Effects Of Advancing Technology On Society. Available at: http://www.articleonlinedirectory.com/128143/the-negative-effects-of-advancing-technology-on-society.html [Accessed December 14, 2012].  · Veethi Telang, 2011. Negative Impact of technology. Available at: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-impact-of-technology.html [Accessed December 14, 2012].

Identity in Richard Wright’s Native Son and Alice Walkers The Color Purple :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Identity in Richard Wright’s Native Son and Alice Walker's The Color Purple Personal identity is vital to living a worthwhile life. A person who goes through life without knowing what he or she stands for and believes in is living an incomplete life. Those who lack an understanding of their identity will unintentionally accept outsiders’ opinions and stereotypes of them. This harmful position can be seen in many characters from the African-American Literature class. Bigger Thomas, from Richard Wright’s, Native Son, is one lost character. Another character who lacks understanding is Alice Walker’s Celie, from The Color Purple. Both of these characters have a different awareness level of the position that they stand in, and that level changes throughout their respective stories as they attempt to determine what is of importance to them. Bigger Thomas is one character, yet he represents the condition of numerous people. Richard Wright manifested his character from various people that he encountered and rolled all of those interactions and emotions into one character. One reason that the name â€Å"Bigger† is very appropriate for this character is that the name prevents the readers from limiting the character to one person. The name represents more of a complex than a person. This complex includes all young colored men who do not see how they fit into the big picture of society. Bigger does not know what his identity is. He did not receive an abundance of love and support as a child to give him the crucial confidence needed for him to fight for a position in life. Instead, he followed into the stereotypical roles for a poor black man on the streets of Chicago. Bigger often was in trouble with the law. He stole from stores and carried weapons on him. He got into fights with the guys who he hung out with. He did not have a job even though his family had very little to survive economically. These are all traits of the â€Å"bad Negro,† which is another reasoning for the name â€Å"Bigger.† If Bigger had more confidence in what he could accomplish with his abilities, he would challenge the rules that keep him out of the flight school.

A Human Resources Report To The Acquisition Board Of XXYY Corporation

XXYY Corporation acquired Red Slash, a family company that has existed for twenty years.   Red slash will be one of the subsidiaries or associate companies for the XXYY Corporation with the Head office at Santa Clara and many offices all over the world.   The new acquisition changes the management structure, with a focus on the combined entity’s human resources.INTRODUCTION The holding company XXYY Corporation will have an extra, one hundred members of staff.   These new human resources from Red Slash are unskilled and are just working for the family/ friend’s business.   Human resources for the new combined XXYY Corporation need to be transformed by using strategic approaches.   This transformation will be improving the intangible assets or resources, which make up the human capital for the company.The body:Transforming the human resources function using strategic approaches will involve a thorough research and development program, on the human resources depa rtment. The strengths and weakness of the members of staff in Red Slash need to be, determined and the main focus should be on the main weakness, which relates to the employment of unskilled family members and friends.   Human capital need to have the necessary knowledge, skills, education and experience to provide entrepreneurial ability, that will coordinate all the other factors of production and improve the Profitability, Earnings per share, Market value and general returns to the XXYY holding company.A plan to improve the human resources for the combined entity, especially the new employees from the Red slash subsidiary. Implementation of the plan should be within the first financial or economic year from the date of merging. The unskilled human capital need to be rejuvenated so that they can effectively coordinate with those in the Holding company XXYY corporation and with the, operational, middle management and Top management personnel.Tom G (2003)To transform the human res ources of Red slash, I will explain the following strategic approaches:Conducting organization analysis through human resource audits, job analysis and revamping the recruitment and selection process:Revamping refers to the changing or arranging the human capital to achieve the company’s success. Human resources in Red slash were not acquired through just and equitable procedures.   The acquisition Board of XXYY Corporation should officially examine the employees who are currently holding positions in Red Slash.This kind of human capital does not posses the initial ability, knowledge and skill to work for the combined entity.   Retaining this kind of workforce will be to the loss of the company, because revenues will be maximized at high costs; huge salaries and wages being paid to unproductive workforce or human resources.   Family people and friends working for Red Slash should be replaced with new employees.   Selection procedures should be fair and justifiable.   The new workforce structure for XXYY Corporation should be composed of only those who have an ability to deliver. Revenues will therefore be maximized at a favorable cost for the new merger.

Salt Satyagraha - 1584 Words

The Satyagraha March, which triggered the wider Civil Disobedience Movement, was an important part of the Indian independence movement. It was a campaign of nonviolent protest against the British salt tax in colonial India which began with the Salt March to Dandi on March 12, 1930. It was the most significant organized challenge to British authority since the Non-cooperation movement of 1920-22, and the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence by the Indian National Congress on December 31, 1929. Mahatma Gandhi led the Dandi march from his Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, Gujarat to produce salt without paying the tax, with growing numbers of Indians joining him along the way. When Gandhi broke the salt laws in Dandi at the conclusion of the†¦show more content†¦The entire platoon was arrested and many received heavy penalties, including life imprisonment.[49] The civil disobedience in 1930 marked the first time women became mass participants in the struggle for freedom. Thousands of women, from large cities to small villages, became active participants in satyagraha.[51] Gandhi had asked that only men take part in the salt march, but eventually women began manufacturing and selling salt throughout India. Usha Mehta, an early Gandhian activist, remarked that Even our old aunts and great-aunts and grandmothers used to bring pitchers of salt water to their houses and manufacture illegal salt. And then they would shout at the top of their voices: We have broken the salt law![52] The growing number of women in the fight for independence was a new and serious feature according to Lord Irwin. A government report on the involvement of women stated thousands of them emerged....from the seclusion of their homes...in order to join Congress demonstrations and assist in picketing: and their presence on these occasions made the work the police was requ ired to perform particularly unpleasant.[53] There were outbreaks ofShow MoreRelatedGandhi s Effect On The World1174 Words   |  5 PagesGandhi’s Salt march which had the Indian independence. Gandhi played a major role in the development of nonviolence and peace activities. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was the pre-eminent political and spiritual bellwether of India and the Indian independence movement. He had many adherents, and edified many how to protest placidly, instead of utilizing violence and war. Gandhi is a role model for many people today and is one of the most famous of all nonviolent activists. Gandhi made an immenselyRead MoreMahatma Gandhi and The Salt March Essays1427 Words   |  6 Pagesrule, Mahatma Gandhi once again contributed to a protest against salt taxes, known as the Salt March. This protest advocated Gandhi’s theory of satyagraha or nonviolent disobedience as the nation came together on March 12, 1930 to walk the 241 miles long journey to the shores of Dandi to attain salt. Although som e Indians criticized Gandhi for not achieving direct independence from the Raj or British rule, Gandhi’s execution of the Salt March helped to create a stronger nation for the Indians to liveRead MoreA Research On Contemporary World History1041 Words   |  5 PagesContemporary World History Professor Tom Williford Vidit Doshi Southwest Minnesota State University Interview : Jyotsna Shah, Maternal Grandmother in relation, 72 years old, interviewed on Skype, Gujarat, India. 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